As I Lay Dying by William Faulkner

The above passage is a story section. Vardaman’s relationship of his mother’s passing with the fish’s demise from the start is by all accounts an adolescent, unreasonable association. This relationship, alongside Darl’s connecting of the subject of presence to a matter of â€Å"was† versus â€Å"is,† permits these two uneducated characters to handle the exceptionally mind boggling matters of death and presence. The peculiar idea of this trade represents the Bundrens’ powerlessness to manage Addie’s passing in an increasingly objective manner. For Darl, language has a particular authority over Addie’s presence: he accepts that she can't be a â€Å"is,† or a thing that keeps on existing, in light of the fact that she is a â€Å"was,† or a thing that does not exist anymore. For Vardaman, objects that are like each other become compatible: he allots the job of his mom to the fish, for instance, on the grounds that the fish is dead, as Addie. These to some degree coherent reactions to Addie’s demise show that Darl and Vardaman, similar to the remainder of their family, can't have a solid enthusiastic reaction to death.

Criminal Technology free essay sample

Running Head: CRIMINAL TECHNOLOGY Criminal Technology from the Past into the Future CJ216: Computers, Technology and Criminal Justice Information Systems Professor Lally July 19, 2011 before, innovation was not exceptionally progressed; there were not a lot of specialized gadgets. Yet, the police figured out how to react the quickest method to crisis calls. As time has passed, innovation progressed, so all the innovation that we have now 20 years back individuals didn't know about its reality. That is the reason we will dissect the progressions that innovation has had during that time and how has helped the police. Likewise we are going to perceive what positive changes innovation will give us later on. One of the advances in innovation that the police have is the in-vehicle camera framework. This framework has been imperative to assess the exhibition of officials and their demonstrable skill. The capacity of this framework to record video film from the watch has been useful in rush hour gridlock stops, captures, criminal examinations, preparing and inner undertakings. Since the in-vehicle cameras were introduced the officials could distinguish tanked individuals or much different crooks and have additionally assisted with absolving officials from fraudulent allegations. In the event that we contrast the innovation from an earlier time and the innovation we have in the current we can see there is an immense distinction. Before, officials just relied upon their radio and needed to pass all the data they got for a situation and afterward need to hang tight for the dispatchers answer to know whether they could proceed with the capture or not. Presently days, they despite everything utilize the radio, however they additionally have another emotionally supportive network that is the PC they have in their watch, that way the official can get to all the more effectively and rapidly to the police database. Innovation gives to the police numerous different things that are helpful in their profession like: * Photo Enforcement Systems * Thermal Imaging * Graffiti Cameras * Electronic White Boards * Lasers * Radios * Cameras for K-9 Units * Automatic License Plate Recognition * Global Positioning System (Shultz 2008) There are likewise two significant database frameworks that law authorization organizations use. The NCIC (National Crime Information Center); this framework has an enormous data of offender’s fingerprints and has driven path to the framework that today is known as AFIS of Automated Fingerprint Identification System. Cultivate, 2004) The AFIS give all the law requirement offices around the United States an immense measure of criminal data just by run a straightforward unique mark. In 1999 the FBI built up another database that is called IAFIS (Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System). This framework not just incorporate fingerprints, it incorporates mug s hots, scars, criminal narratives and tattoo photographs; additionally incorporate physical attributes like hair shading, eye shading, stature, weight and nom de plumes. The framework additionally has common fingerprints from people who work or worked for the legislature. We have talked about the innovation we had previously and the innovation we have now and looked at both. Yet, what does innovation has arranged for us later on? There are a few models of new innovation that the police can use to support them; there is a framework that is called RCIS (Remote Control Information System) â€Å"Is an exceptionally smaller correspondence framework that gives video feed, two-way correspondence and crucial signs checking and has a GPS feature† (Foster, 2004). The Stolen Item Database is another framework that can be use by the law authorization organizations. This will work like a scanner and if a store is ransacked the official could examine the thing that the presume that was captured has and that way the official can check whether the product is taken or not. For future innovation the Biometrics science which is a science that encourages law implementation to figure out who is the right lawbreaker. Biometrics will lead the Criminal Justice System into what's to come. There are various things that need to gather and break down utilizing biometrics which are: Deoxybunucleic Acid (DNA) from blood tests, facial acknowledgment, iris and retina acknowledgment, fingerprints, palm and imprints. One of the most significant instances of biometrics is DNA. The DNA is useful in the Criminal Justice System since certain occasions a debt of gratitude is in order for a blood model that was found in a wrongdoing scene, it could be figure out who was the individual who carry out the wrongdoing or who was that casualty. Criminological researcher can utilize DNA in semen, hair, salivation, blood or skin that was found in a wrongdoing scene. This procedure is called DNA profiling. â€Å"In DNA profiling of variable areas of dreary DNA, for example, short pair rehashes and minisatellites, are thought about between people†. Collins, 1994) This procedure is truly dependable when distinguishing coordinating DNA. Be that as it may, when the scene is defiled the ID can be troublesome. (Thinning up top 2005) There is additionally innovation that is creating for police strategic interchanges like: TEA’s LASH headset that was structured particularly for Los Angeles police extraord inary weapons and strategies (SWAT) division. The TEA is a lash that circumvents the neck and inside the tie is a spout module close to the voice box, so you can talk regardless of whether there is a great deal of commotion and the individual who has the other set can hear you however the others can not. We can say that in the course of recent years innovation has stepped forward, from the radio correspondence to the cameras that are over the traffic lights, emergency signals and even development innovation that the new watches has, similar to camcorders, PC and that's only the tip of the iceberg. There was likewise advance in the security frameworks, in the past each specialist needed to check the time at they got to their work and the time they left in paper sheets, yet now they utilize electronic cards or even chips. For the military there are a few new hardware that can be use by sending them to explore without endanger the life of one of the warriors. Along these lines, there has been an achievement in innovation that has helped us all around. What progress would we be able to expect for the following 70 years? REFERENCES Foster, R. E. (2004) Police Technology, New York, NY Prentice Hall Moriarty, L. J. (2005) Criminal Justice Technology in the 21st Century, Springfield, Illinois, Charles C. Thomas Publisher, LTD Schultz, P. D. (2008) The Future is here: Technology in police offices. From the police boss, Vol. LXXV, no. 6 Balding, D. J. (2005) Weight of proof for legal DNA profiles. London, UK John Wiley child LTD. Collins A. (1994) Likelihood proportions for DNA distinguishing proof Great Britain

Nine Unexpected Ways to Save Money as a Student

Nine Unexpected Ways to Save Money as a Student Nine Unexpected Ways to Save Money as a Student By Laura Kabelka Let’s face it, if you’re at uni then you’re not the richest person in the world. Instead, many of us struggle to cook meals other than pizza or pasta, as our budgets simply won’t allow it. Of course, this is a cliché and does not apply to all students, but we could all always use some extra ways to save money. Whether you’re forever left counting the pennies at the end of the month, or you simply want to save up a bit: here are some unexpected ways to save money as a student! Old but gold: start shopping second-hand via GIPHY Yes, we all like the feeling of getting new things, whether it’s a new shirt, bag, bed sheets or books, but some items can be easily purchased for a lower price when buying them second-hand. For example, you can search for books for your university courses online (Facebook groups, Amazon) or even borrow them. Of course, new books smell and look better, but so does your additional money. You can also sell your course books again after your semester. Same goes for clothes â€" why don’t you have a look at some trendy vintage shops, where you can acquire unique articles which aren’t already being worn by everyone around you. In addition, you could host an event among your friends where you exchange clothes that you aren’t wearing anymore. Everyone’s tastes are different, so you might make another person very happy with that old pair of jeans you’ve locked up in your closet for years. Plan your social life in advance via GIPHY You may be trying to save money, but don’t let that deter you from attending fun events every now and then. Instead, try to get early bird tickets for concerts rather than waiting for the last possible day to buy them. Also, there are various apps and voucher pages, such as Vouchercloud, where you can get discounts and save some money. Save money by eating at home via GIPHY Of course, it’s extremely tempting to go out for dinner after a long day at university and treat yourself, but it’s much cheaper if you try to cook at home and prepare food for the next few days. Cooking in bulk can be a fantastic time saver - you could even team up with your flatmates to have dinner once a week. This is not only a lot of fun, but saves you great amounts of money in the long-term. Also, have you ever thought about how much money you are spending on your daily coffee or tea? Try to cut down on consuming outside your house as much as possible, or pack a travel thermos with a cup of tea or coffee made at home. It’s only a habit and it takes about one month to break an old one. Swap nightclubs for house parties via GIPHY We’re not saying you should stop going out altogether, but instead of going to costly bars all the time, you could invite some friends over to your place for drinks and take turns in being the host. It’s insane how much money you can save this way and going to bars or pubs will be more special if you don’t go there that often. Also, try not to pay for everything by card and take cash with you instead. This way, you won’t lose track of your expenses that easily and don’t have to fear your upcoming credit card statement. Your flatmates have to pay their share via GIPHY This might sound obvious to some people, but it cannot be taken for granted to have flatmates who actually contribute financially. Have you ever had a stingy flatmate who managed to avoid paying for communal food or toilet paper? If you never speak up for yourself, you end up being the only person responsible for buying these items for everyone. You might think we’re only talking peanuts, but in the long run every little counts. Plus, it’s extremely annoying and will save you a lot of stress if you nip it in the bud early on. Give up the gym membership via GIPHY Have you ever wondered why your gym membership is so cheap? Probably because the system works thanks to people who never actually show up and just keep paying because they tell themselves that one day they might return. If you need to save money, cancel the membership (when’s the last time you went to the gym anyway?) and go for a run outside instead, or get a bike. This might be more fun and you won’t have to pay for it either. Don’t forget your parents love you via GIPHY From time to time, you might be particularly desperate for some extra cash and this is where your charms come in. If you are fortunate to have a good relationship with your parents, chances are high your mom won’t let you down when you tell her you only have ripped jeans in your closet and urgently need a new pair. No need to tell her that you paid extra for the slits. It’s not what you say, it’s how you say it. Show your parents you improved your eloquence during your studies. Maybe invite them over to your place for a weekend and complain subtly but continuously. This year, wish for useful things for Christmas. Professional advice: tell your parents that you forgot a shirt at home when you last visited and they need to send it to you. How could they just send you the piece of clothes and no other symbols of affection, such as chocolate or money? Quit smoking via GIPHY No explanation needed. Change your grocery shopping habits via GIPHY The easiest way to do this is to not go shopping on an empty stomach. This always ends in a disaster and you simply buy everything you see and want. Instead, try to take your time and compare prices and quality. You do not have to buy the cheapest version of everything, but sometimes it really is only the packaging that differs. Also, buying seasonal food will help you save some money and is also better for the environment. As can be seen, there are numerous ways to save some money every day. Maybe it requires a little more creativity, time or effort, but it’s in your hands. Worst comes to worst, you could always get a part-time job, which might be a great way of getting to know new people, broaden your horizon and being able to afford tickets for a city trip. Laura Kabelka works in Communication and Marketing atStudentJob AT. Lead image: Johan Viirok (Flickr)

Dual Route Adult

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3715 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Evidence of dual route model in adult reading Introduction Dual route model is the study that defines the changes in the mode of interpreting printed words to sound. Therefore dual route model is associated with the study of reading and spelling and the various assumptions that arise out of the investigation. These assumptions highlight the fact that the processing of the written language is always accomplished by two separate methods called the lexical and non-lexical routes. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Dual Route Adult | Psychology Dissertations" essay for you Create order These two methods are interactive in nature. Reading and spelling in the lexical method always depends on the creation of word specific orthographic and phonological memory representation. All the current models of word recognition are based on either the dual route models or connectionist theories. The way a word recognition model accounts for different types of reading behaviours, is the word of success of every model. The dual model theory has withstood most of the tests associated with reading behaviours. However some psychologists do not agree with this theory, instead they suggest a combination of dual as well as other models for deriving positive results in the field of reading behaviours. A number of psychologists have researched in this field and published their results. Prominent among them is the study reports of Coltheart and Bates, who have demonstrated that an equation derived from dual-route theory accurately predicts reading performance in young normal readers with reading impairment due to developmental dyslexia or stroke. Studies conducted by John Marshal also have much significance. Marshal concentrated on the fact that the method of skilled reading can be used, particularly the dual route model, for interpreting acquired dyslexia as well as developmental dyslexia. The basic concept of the dual model explains that non words and irregular words are two independent routes that lead from the written word to the noise. There is also the direct access route which is also known as the lexical route. This route deals with the pronunciation of irregular words. In this method reading is always continued through the lexicon for the purpose of pronouncing words correctly. Then there is the Grapheme phoneme conversion route which is also called the sub lexical route. In this route reading is continued without accessing the lexicon. All regular words and irregular words should be read from the lexicon, this is the suggestion given by the dual route model. A strong judgement in this regard is that the steadiness of the word always effects the periods it takes to name it. Moreover there is also a relation with its rate of recurrence. Low recurring words are more affected than high recurring words. Some words having the same frequency are not made similar, particularly inconsistent words. Moreover regular words are sometimes pronounced irregularly. According to experts a simple dual route model cannot explain all these outcomes. A dual route model can be used for the prediction of real words though the lexican route. However we can see that steadiness, rate of recurrence and uniformity effects reaction times. The suggestion that non words are read by the GPC route is not correct. Strong findings suggest that non words processing s are affected by the lexicon. Previous normal reading process of a person is affected by the impact of acquired dyslexia the affected person will suffer some kind of a shock in the left side of his brain. In this case the dual route model predicts a double disassociation. With respect to surface dyslexia, a person makes over regularisation mistakes for irregular words. The person can read words and non words if they are regular. The person will not show any case of image ability. This is due to the fact that the route remains undamaged. Another type of dyslexia which is commonly found is the Phonological dyslexia. In this situation, patients are poor to read non words. Moreover real words are easily read. Experts suggest that, here the GPC route may be damaged and the lexical route is undamaged. It is often argued that the Phonological dyslexia and the surface dyslexia are separate. They do not associate themselves. Therefore the dual route model is supported. But in other types of dyslexia the situation can be more complicated. Another type of dyslexia is the deep dyslexia. This type is characterised by poor reading of non words, semantic reading mistakes for real words, and problems associated with the GPC route. Moreover the patients under this category have an injury to a system which usually allows them to read through a semantic system. This type of dyslexia cannot be regarded as a syndrome. But in some circumstances it has to be regarded because evidences support it. Another point of argument about this type of dyslexia is that it may be a result of reading using the right hemisphere of the brain. There are assumptions that this type of dyslexia is a syndrome which is caused by a wound in the left hemisphere. If that is correct then the conclusion should be that reading is possible through semantic system in such a way that the dual route model cannot be taken into account. According to psychologist Knight R.A from his journal article titled, Language, history and use, there are alternatives to the dual route model also. They are the three routes model, Analogy theories and the Connectionist models. In the three route model, the lexical route is split into GPC route, the route through lexicon and the route direct from the lexicon. Analogy theories are single route theories. a major drawback of this theory is that it is sometimes unpredictable regarding the pronunciation of non words. The connectionist models are single route theories where there is no storage for individual words. The drawback of this model is that it also fails to predict the pronunciation of non words (Knight, Language History and Use). The dual route model has become a standard model for both normal as well as abnormal reading of adults. There is very strong evidence that there is twofold disassociation of phonological and surface dyslexia in the dual route model. The dual route model had assumptions that the conversion of grapheme-phoneme depends on a theoretical set of rules which is similar to the plans in a logical system. Other models of normal and abnormal reading development were developed on the basis of the dual route model of mature reading. The dual route theory is a very comprehensive theory. It explains both normal and abnormal adult reading and as well as normal and abnormal reading development (Pennington, 2002, p.292). In the semantic system, spoken as well as written words always turn on mechanically the matching theoretical representations. All familiar words used whether they are customary or non customary can be processed through the lexical route. This is possible in terms of their letter indicated by sound relationships. However the non lexical route makes use of the sub word level process which is based on the sound- spelling association rules success of non lexical route always depends on non words and regular words that is always associated with the English phoneme grapheme conversion laws but when there is irregular words which does not obey these set of rules, it fails to produce a correct response. All the efforts undertaken to read or write through non lexical method can result in regularization mistakes. Studies by psychologists Rapcsak, Henry and others revealed that dual route model contains purposeful mechanisms that are exclusive to both the lexical and the non lexical routes but no one can say that the two procedures are totally independent. Dual route theory always maintains that lexical route will help in delivering a true response for irregular words. The non lexical route is essential for the reading and spelling of non words correctly. For the interpretation of the written language of persons having acquired alexia / agraphia, dual route models have provided a powerful hypothetical structure. It is possible to identify the damaged cognitive module of neurological patients by specifying the practical architecture of the written language processing system. For example, the destruction that is caused to the lexical route will give rise to surface dyslexia distinguished by disproportionate complexity in reading and spelling irregular words. However damage to the non lexical route will result in phonological dyslexia, distinguished by very poor reading and spelling of non words. Apart from all these applications, dual route theory can also be used for producing quantitative predictions related to reading and spelling. It is possible to predict the accuracy of a persons and the performance on irregular words as well as non words. The basic concept of dual route models is that using lexical method irregular words can only be read correctly whereas by using non lexical strategy non words can be read correctly. The capability of lexical and non lexical routes are proved when a person will be able read accurately proportions of irregular words. According to dual route theory, both the lexical and non lexical route can process regular words and therefore the accuracy of reading can be predicted (Rapcsak, Henry, Teague, Carnahan Beeson. 2007. p.2519-2524) A study conducted by John marshal, another renowned psychologist in the year 1984 clearly emphasised that the fact that the method of skilled reading can be used, particularly the dual route model, for interpreting acquired dyslexia as well as developmental dyslexia. This claim became controversial and many other researchers argued that the dual model is quite in appropriate in the way to understand development in reading and developmental disorders in reading. However further research in this area by psychologists Castles, Bates Coltheart revealed that John Marshals claim was true (Castles, Bates Coltheart. 2006. pp. 871-892 (22)). Many researches have been undertaken for checking the effectiveness of dual route model. The dual route cognitive models of reading assume that the lexical and sub lexical routes are functionally different processes. Researchers Joubert, Beauregard and others have tested this hypothesis by using three experimental conditions. One of them was lexical and the other two were sub lexical. Frequent words represented the lexical condition whereas in the first sub lexical condition was represented by non words made of low frequency sub lexical units. These words did not resemble real words. Rare and regular words consist of the second condition. Comparisons were made between these reading tasks with a baseline condition which consisted of consonant string viewing. Moreover silent pronunciation of one or two of these consonants was also done along with this process. By analysing the results of this experiment it was found that the lexical condition which consisted of regular words generates many different peaks of activations in the border area of the left super marginal region. Whereas the other two sub lexical tasks were engaged always in the area of the left prefrontal inferior cortex (Joubert, Beauregard, Walter, Bourgouin, Beaudoin, Leroux, et al. 2004. p. 9-20). Renowned psychologists Hanley and Gard advocated that developmental surface dyslexia appears in adults. They took reading and spelling tests on two adult students and the results varied. Both these adults were affected significantly by spelling regularity. The psychologists arrived at the conclusion that the irregular words are harder to study that difficult ones, therefore a person is forced on to depend on lexical strategy during the course of reading (Funnel. 2000. P.138). The dual route models have always come under attack in recent years the theories framed by dual route experts are not always effective in adults. Most of the criticisms in the dual route model have come in the field of adult readings. As a result of criticisms levelled against dual route models, connectionists models were developed (Treiman. 1993. p.34) Studies made on languages which were opaque suggested that the lexical and non lexical processing consists of independent routes. Where as in the case of transparent languages, there is no strong evidence for independent routes. The dual route in transparent languages like in opaque languages has created an arena for discussion. By studying the neurologically damaged patients who are unable to read unknown words or non words, the existence of these routes can be seen clearly (Plasencia, Dorado Serrano. 2008. p. 48 -54). According to a study conducted by two well known psychologists, Castles and Coltheart, process deficit models of disability became popular due to the developmental problems associated with reading disability associated with brain damages. The reasons for the popularity of the process models is because of the simplicity of its framework moreover the approach of a process deficit model gives a basis for a logic of instructions stuck by the strength and weakness of the readers. But unfortunately many researches have failed to provide evidences that support process models. The fact stated in the process model that disabled readers can be categorized into distinct types and the diagnosing task of distinguishing disabled readers from the poor readers has no supportive evidence (New Directions in Research, 2006). In another experiment by Bertelson, two hypotheses were tested with relation to the development of access towards lexical meaning. They were initial indirect access and initial direct access. Conclusive proof relating to the testing pointed out that these hypotheses were not strongly supported. And it also recommended that the direct and indirect access could be used for early reading. The involvement of these procedures always changed during its course of development. The previous assumption about standard dual model was that both accesses assumed the basic theoretical tests, went wrong. Based on evidence derived from these tests, the standard dual route model was always criticised. Instead of the standard dual model, a single model was found suitable (Bertelson, 1987. p.113). The dual route cascaded model is a computational model related to visual word recognition and loud reading. It is the only computational model that is used to perform the two tasks i.e., lexical reading and aloud reading. The DRC model has its own limitations. A common claim attributed to this model is that it can explain everything. But this claim becomes false as far as the case of reading aloud and visual lexical decision is concerned. With various paradigms that are masked, facts suggest that phonological properties of very temporarily presented stimuli can influence performance in reading aloud and lexical decision tasks. The dual route cascading model or the DRC model is used for pronunciation computing from print through lexical and non lexical procedures. Non words cannot be read correctly under the lexical procedure because they are not present in the lexicons. (World Recognition Process in Reading. 2005). Many studies have been undertaken to prove the effectiveness of the dual models. In one study done by psychologists Basso, Burgio and Prandoni, of the neurological clinic, Milan University, a group consisting of 21 people were selected having specific disorders and treated with a dual route model. Another group consisting of 23 persons were treated with methods using single route models. By comparing the treated patients from both the groups, it was found that the first group treated with the dual method showed significant improvement than the second group in many areas. But the benefits received from reading of isolated words, homophones etc did not improve the reading of passages. This suggested that treatments using dual models should include exercises containing passages or sentences (Tressoldi. 2000). In another test, persons who did not have previous knowledge about French were asked to learn 12 French words. After getting their representations, they were given pictures and were asked to write the baseline. This experiment was repeated for three times. After 10 minutes these pictures were presented again and were asked to write words. After a week, these participants were again requested to do the same exercise. The results showed significant difference. The out come was that when irregular orthographic representations are acquired, it is supported by knowledge of orthographic representations (BASSO, BURGIO, PRANDONI. 1999.p.405-412). Arguments against dual route model theories. Connectionist modelling techniques have spawned the debate between single and dual route accounts of the cognitive process. The necessity of dual route processing accounts in the psychology of the language has been questioned by connectionists models. Some psychologists have also suggested that a single route model is enough for the learning of past tense formations and idiosyncratic formations which are rule based. It is also sufficient to learn rule based method of pronunciations and idiosyncratic pronunciations. Basically there are two types of criticisms that are levelled against the dual route models. The first one is that morphology is the rule which directs association of the bilinguals lexical representations. It is argued that morphology can alone produce clear effects of independence in a sole undifferentiated structure. The second criticisms said about the dual model are that the word recognition in one language may be assisted if it is similar to a word in another language. Connectionist modelling techniques have spawned the debate between single and dual route accounts of the cognitive process. The necessity of dual route processing accounts in the psychology of the language has been questioned by connectionists models. Some psychologists have also suggested that a single route model is enough for the learning of past tense formations and idiosyncratic formations which are rule based is also sufficient to learn rule based method of pronunciations and idiosyncratic pronunciations. There are also other types of criticisms that are levelled against the dual route models. The first one is that morphology is the rule which directs association of the bilinguals lexical representations. It is argued that morphology can alone produce clear effects of independence in a sole undifferentiated structure. The second criticism said about the dual model is that when motivations show some kind of resemblance between two languages, the necessity of word recognition arises. Moreover cross language meddling is found even though there is clear proof for independence of lexical presentations (Thomas, Bilingualism and the Single route). Conclusions Connectionists theories have originated as a result of the debate between single and dual route models in the area of language processing. The debate between single route and dual route has often arisen when the necessity of postulation of a rule based processing mechanism that would motivate aspects of cognition. The fundamental problem here is that all rules have exceptions and all processors based on rules should have an exception mechanism to accompany it. The other side of this debate between dual and single model is that whether there is necessity to postulate one or two realistic processing mechanisms to motivate a given cognitive ability. Dual routes are not effective in all areas, particularly in the field of bilingual word recognition. To those areas where dual theories are insignificant, it is wise to work with connectionists models which are regarded as an exiting prospect. Single route models when compared with dual route models should overcome many hurdles to get accepted. However they can be used in situations where dual route models fail to produce results. The single route models always characterise stimulus response compatibility effects to the difficulty of transaction from stimulus to response whereas dual route models suggest that compatibility effects reveal in part an extra direct or routine creation route. In consistency is one of the major drawbacks suffered by these models. Form the outcomes of studies undertaken; it is evident that the DRC model can stimulate the reading aloud task as well as the lexical decision task. The stimulation given by the DRC model to these tasks cannot be matched by any other models. Therefore the DRC model is regarded as the most successful computational model discovered so far in the field of reading behaviors. Nowadays word recognition models are constructed on the basis of dual route as well as connectionist models. Dual route has its own advantages and limitations in adult reading. In cases where dual method is not effective, connectionists models can be used. Or a combined format can be used. Combination of these two models will always give satisfactory results in word reading. (Shinoda. 2005). References BASSO, A. , BURGIO, F. PRANDONI, P. 1999. Acquisition of output irregular orthographic representations in normal adults: An experimental study. Retrieved from https://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=0B6AC8EC3378DCD2C42DFE0963CBF5B3.tomcat1?fromPage=onlineaid=49571 on August 23, 2008. Bertelson, P. 1987. The Onset of Literacy. Cambridge: MIT Press. Castles, A.,Bates, T., Coltheart, M. 2006. John Marshall and the developmental dyslexias. Aphasiology, Volume 20, Numbers 9-11, -11 pp. 871-892(22). Retrieved from https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/psych/paph/2006/00000020/F0030009/art00004;jsessionid=kldvo0vfe03v.alice?format=print on August 22, 2008. Funnel, E. 2000. Case Studies in the Neuropsychology of Reading. London: Psychology Press. Joubert, S., Beauregard, M., Walter, N., Bourgouin, P., Beaudoin, G., Leroux, J.M. et al. 2004. Brain and Language . Vol. 89 9-20. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com Knight R.A. Language History and Use Psycholinguistics. Retrieved from https://www.rachaelanne.co.uk/teaching/psych/reading_03_HO.doc on August 22, 2008. New Directions in Research. A Transactional Perspective on Reading Difficulties and Response to Intervention. 2006. Retrieved from https://www.reading.org/Library/Retrieve.cfm?D=10.1598/RRQ.41.1.7F=RRQ-41-1-McEneaney_2.html on August 23, 2008. Pennington, B.F. 2002.The Development of Psychopathology. New York. Guliford Press. Plasencia, P.M., Dorado, J.I. Serrano, J.M. 2008. Evidence for Linguistic Deficit in Nonlexical Processing in Reading. A Study of a Spanish-Speaking Patient. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, Vol.11, No.1, 48 -54. Retrieved from https://www.ucm.es/info/Psi/docs/journal/v11_n1_2008/art48.pdf on August 23, 2008. Rapcsak S.Z, Henry M.L, Teague,S.L., Carnahan,S.D. Beeson,P.M. June 18, 2007. Do Dual- Route Models Accurately Predict Reading and Spelling Performance in Individuals with Acquired Alexia and Agraphia? Neuropsychologia Vol. 45(11): 2519-2524. Retrieved from https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1988783 on August 21, 2008. Shinoda, K.2005. Speaker adaptation techniques for speech recognition using probabilistic models. Retrieved from https://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/110546421/abstract on August 23, 2008. Thomas, M.S.C. Bilingualism and the Single route / Dual route debate. Retrieved from https://www.psyc.bbk.ac.uk/people/academic/thomas_m/Thomas_Cogsci98.doc on August 22, 2008. Treiman, R. 1993. Beginning to Spell. Washington, DC: Oxford University Press, US Tressoldi, P.E. 2000. Treatment of Specific Developmental Reading Disorders, Derived from Single- and Dual-Route Models. Retrieved from https://ldx.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/33/3/278 on August 23, 2008. World Recognition Process in Reading. 2005. Retrieved from https://www.blackwellpublishing.com/content/BPL_Images/Content_store/Sample_chapter/9781405114882/Snowling_sample_chapter1.pdf on August 23, 2008.

The Effects Of Sexual Harassment On Female Officers

Imagine being a female officer working in a male dominated environment where the male officers tell sexually explicit jokes in the hallway. Supervisors play a pivotal role in managing a productive diversified workplace (Miller More, 2011). All employees should feel at ease while in their work environment (Miller More, 2011). Officers tend to get comfortable in how the department operates and expect things to continue to function in the same way. Supervisors must counteract harmful or undesirable actions or behaviors immediately when an employee becomes difficult to work with or display unsuitable behavior, which can impair the effectiveness of the officer (Miller More, 2011). Supervisors deal with a variety of employee behavior; however, supervisors must be fair and competent when evaluating employees’ behavior (Miller More, 2011). Change is inevitable; however, it is necessary to the growth of a law enforcement agency (Miller More, 2011). Sexual harassment is one of the reasons why the turnover rate for female officers is high (Miller More, 2011). Sexual harassment is â€Å"any unwelcome sexual advance or conduct on the job that creates an intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment. Any conduct of a sexual nature that makes an employee uncomfortable has the potential to be sexual harassment† (NOLO, 2014, para. 4). The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits sexual harassment (Miller More, 2011). If management takes immediate and effective steps toShow MoreRelatedWorkplace Discrimination in the Canadian Police Essay1587 Words   |  7 PagesPolice agencies are becoming more accustomed to hiring police officers of all cultures and ethnicities. However, like most careers an individual will choose to pursue there is always the possibility of them being discriminated against. A common type of discrimination police officers face is one based on their race or ethnicity. 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Aristotle s Views On Happiness - 999 Words

Aristotle, Epicurus, Epictetus, Boethius, Augustine, and Aquinas connected on writing about the phenomenon of human happiness. Through these philosophers, various ideologies on happiness gets to be distinctly conceivable for one to distinguish and recognize the difference between what people think or feel happiness is and what the true state of happiness is. In the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle said happiness is the value and reason for every good thing, so happiness is deserving of respect. For Aristotle, happiness involves flourishing or prospering by striving for a purposeful life of excellence. Happiness depends not on a feeling, rather the whole about your moral character, and the ability to exercise proper temperance and suitable ethics over a period by virtue. In Politics, Aristotle explained that humanity does not gain virtue by possession of meaningless material substance, happiness is found with the people who are most refined in their thinking and character. According to Aristotle, bravery, unselfishness, intelligence, love, friendship, lawfulness, family relationships, political participation and citizenship are indispensable character traits for one to prosper and experience happiness. Epicurus believed the point of life is to accomplish happiness by pursuit of pleasure and evasion of pain and fear. In Letter to Menoeceus in Epicurus, The Art of Happiness, he notably contended that man ought to free himself of unreasonable pain emerging from unnecessary fearShow MoreRelatedAristotle s Views On Happiness2248 Words   |  9 Pages Happiness is the fundamental objective of life. This bold statement is unanimously agreed upon among generations of people on every corner of our planet. However, the real question that has been contested for centuries is the true meaning of happiness? The true meaning of happiness is one of the most highly debated philosophy topics in history. 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In my philosophy like Aristotle, I believe in Aristotle’s views on happiness and human flourishing with his philosophy. (Aristotle 4) I also believe in some of Kant’s philosophy through his concept of its our duty to live up to our highest moral capacity. (Kant 3) I believe it will make the world a better place in the sense that

Oepedius Rex Essay Example For Students

Oepedius Rex Essay Oedipus Rex In Sophocless play Oedipus Rex Oedipus Even though fate seems to determine Oedipus life, . he does infact have a free will. His choices brought the prophecy to life. Only his decisions (not influenced by anybody) he made. Of course those decisions were in side of the limits set by fate. When Oedipus heard a prophesy that his going to kill his father and sleep with his mother he ran away, even when he new there were suspicions of him being the real son of his parents. There some lines from the play: There was a man dining with us one day who had too much wine and man shouted at me-half drunk and shouting that I was not rightly called my fathers son. Without my parents knowledge, I went to Delphi, but Apollo did not say what I had gone to hear. Instead, he answered questions I had not asked and told of horror and misery beyond believe how I would know my mothers bad and cause the death of my own father. The prophecy drove the Oedipus away from home; the terror of the predictions was too much to live with. Oedipus tried everything not to meet the prophecy, and still when he came to Thebes and became a king Oedipus married an older lady. It was his choice, even when he knew there was a danger of him to know mothers bad, he made it. Oedipus quest for truth was his choice. When the Teiresias tried not to reveal the truth, The Oedipus was the one, who made the priest to talk: This city gave you life and yet you refuse to answer! You speak as if you were her enemy. For Gods sake, if you know, dont turn away from us! We are pleading. We are begging you. You will not tell? You monster! You could stir the stones of earth to a burning rage! You will newer tell? What it will take? As the truth is getting revealed: You, Oedipus, are the desecrator, the polluter of this land. Oedipus does not believe (his choice). He (Oedipus) start to accuse Creon of truing to take his powers away (king). And still want to reveal whole truth. After talking to Jocasta Oedipus faces that he in fact might killed the king Laius. There was s herald leading a carriage drawn by horses and the man riding in the carriage The driver pushed. In anger, I struck him. The old man saw it, reached for his lash and waited till I had passed. Then he struck me on the head. But he paid-oh yes he paid. I killed him. And again that was a choice, he (Oedipus) knew that he will kill his own father, even when he killed an old man he didnt thought of possibility, that the old man might be his father. Oedipus fate was determined before he was even born, and by trying t o overcome it, he actually perfectly filing in his position in life which is a prophesy. Oedipus thought that he oversmarted the Gods, but in fact every his move he made moved him closer to prophesy becoming a reality. Oedipus Essay (Fate) Sophocles Oedipus the King is a tragic play which discusses the tragic discovery of Oedipus that he has killed his father and married his mother. The story of Oedipus was well known to the athenians. Oedipus is the embodiement of the perfect Athenian. He is self-confident, intelligent, and strong willed. Ironically these are the very traits which bring about his tragic discovery. Oedipus gained the rule of Thebes by answering the riddle of Sphinx. Sophocles used the riddle of the sphinx as a metaphor for the 3 phases of Oedipus life and to futher characterized him as a tragic man. The Sphinx posed the following riddle to all who came to obtain the rule of thebes: What is it that walks on 4 feet and 2 feet and 3 feet and has only one voice, when it walks on most feet it is the weakest? Oedipus correctly answered Man and became the king of Thebes. This riddle is a metaphor for the life of Oedipus. As a child man crawls on his hands and knees this is the four feet to which the Sphinx refers. Also man is at his weakest as a small child. He depends solely on others for his nourishment and well being. Oedipus was the child of Jocasta and King Laius who was taken to the mountain by a shepard to be killed so the omen of the god apollo that Laius son would kill him and lay with Jocasta would not come true. Oedipus was the weakest of his life at this point. If it has not been for the shepard spairing his life and giving him to Polybus to raise as his own Oedipus would have died. Man walks on 2 feet when he has matured. This is a metaphor for Oedipus when he reaches adulthood and leaves Corinth to escape the oracle. Oedipus meets up with a band of travelers and in a rage kills them. Inadvertently Oedipus has killed his own father. Oedipus then answers the riddle of the sphinx and becomes king of Thebes. By becoming king of Thebes he marries Jocasta the Queen of thebes and his own mother. Many years later after bearing children with Jocasta a plague kills many of the inhabitants of Thebes. Oedipus is told by the gods to find the killer of Laius. He is very dilligent in the inquiriy and finally comes to the horrible truth that he himself is the murderer. Jocasta kills herself at the horrible realization that she has layed with her son and Oedipus puts out his eyes at finally seeing the truth. This fulfills the final part of the Sphinxs riddle for Oedipus will have to walk with a cane for the rest of his life because of his blindness, this will give him the 3 feet which man walks with at the end of his years. Oedipus used his intellect and diligence to answer the riddle of the Sphinx. Many of the most intelligent young men of thebes has been killed attempting to answer the riddle but Oedipus proved his intelligence superior to theirs. Oedipus uses the same intelligence and perseverence to find the killer of Laius. He does not give up his search even when Jocasta warns him to stop and let the matter rest. He calls the shepard and interrogates him till he discovers the horrifying truth that he is the killer. Oedipus intelligence was ultimately his flaw. Police brutality Essay The question which was addressed, that of the value of the examined life, can be answered. Indeed, if Oedipus had not ventured beyond the protective walls of his adopted home, would anything such as what occurred in the play ever have transpired? If Oedipus had not pursued that answers to the mysteries that plagued him, despite the pleading warnings of Iocasta, in fact his life would have been contented and happy. Instead, he follows the Socratic method of exploration and discovery, and proceeds down the path of pain and distraught. Was, after it was over, all worth it? We find that no, it was not. Being content and suited with what he knew of himself would have saved Oedipus and his children/siblings much agony. However, in the typical Greek tragedy, we must see his fall from grace through, which is indeed what happens. In the bliss of ignorance, much pain and difficulty is averted. For what worries does the ignorant man have? In the case of Oedipus, ignorance would have suited him fine. The Socratic quote the unexamined life is not worth living certainly doesnt hold true in the case of Oedipus Rex. While it may hold importance and a substantial meaning for our own lives, in the case of Oedipus Rex, he would have been better off without it. Indeed, for while the unexamined life is poor in a metaphysical sense, Oedipus would have truly been fine without it. For the unexamined life is a simple one, and he would have lived a long and happy life, never discovering the true nature of his birth, nor even caring. Oedipus Rex Sophocles Oedipus the King is a tragic play which discusses the tragic discovery of Oedipus that he has killed his father and married his mother. The story of Oedipus was well known to the athenians. Oedipus is the embodiement of the perfect Athenian. He is self-confident, intelligent, and strong willed. Ironically these are the very traits which bring about his tragic discovery. Oedipus gained the rule of Thebes by answering the riddle of Sphinx. Sophocles used the riddle of the sphinx as a metaphor for the 3 phases of Oedipus life and to futher characterized him as a tragic man. The Sphinx posed the following riddle to all who came to obtain the rule of thebes: What is it that walks on 4 feet and 2 feet and 3 feet and has only one voice, when it walks on most feet it is the weakest? Oedipus correctly answered Man and became the king of Thebes. This riddle is a metaphor for the life of Oedipus. As a child man crawls on his hands and knees this is the four feet to which the Sphinx refers. Also man is at his weakest as a small child. He depends solely on others for his nourishment and well being. Oedipus was the child of Jocasta and King Laius who was taken to the mountain by a shepard to be killed so the omen of the god apollo that Laius son would kill him and lay with Jocasta would not come true. Oedipus was the weakest of his life at this point. If it has not been for the shepard spairing his life and giving him to Polybus to raise as his own Oedipus would have died. Man walks on 2 feet when he has matured. This is a metaphor for Oedipus when he reaches adulthood and leaves Corinth to escape the oracle. Oedipus meets up with a band of travelers and in a rage kills them. Inadvertently Oedipus has killed his own father. Oedipus then answers the riddle of the sphinx and becomes king of Thebes. By becoming king of Thebes he marries Jocasta the Queen of thebes and his own mother. Many years later after bearing children with Jocasta a plague kills many of the inhabitants of Thebes. Oedipus is told by the gods to find the killer of Laius. He is very dilligent in the inquiriy and finally comes to the horrible truth that he himself is the murderer. Jocasta kills herself at the horrible realization that she has layed with her son and Oedipus puts out his eyes at finally seeing the truth. This fulfills the final part of the Sphinxs riddle for Oedipus will have to walk with a cane for the rest of his life because of his blindness, this will give him the 3 feet which man walks with at the end of his years. Oedipus used his intellect and diligence to answer the riddle of the Sphinx. Many of the most intelligent young men of thebes has been killed attempting to answer the riddle but Oedipus proved his intelligence superior to theirs. Oedipus uses the same intelligence and perseverence to find the killer of Laius. He does not give up his search even when Jocasta warns him to stop and let the matter rest. He calls the shepard and interrogates him till he discovers the horrifying truth that he is the killer. Oedipus intelligence was ultimately his flaw. Also, if Oedipus had not had been as coarageous he would have have never ventured to answer the riddle of the Sphinx. Thus even though he had killed his father he would have never become king of Thebes and laid with his mother. In addition, if Oedipus had had the courage but not the intelligence the Spinx would have killed him for answering the riddle incorrectly. Sophocles used this to characterized Oedipus as a tragic man for he came about his tragic discovery not because of an evil act or an evil trait but because of the person he was. Oedipus traits which gave him riches and power ultimately led to his tragic ending. Also, the god apollo did not predestine that Oedipus would kill his father and marry his mother by the oracle, he only stated what he knew was inevitable because of who Oedipus was. The sphinxs riddle was used by Sophocles to characterize Oedipus as a tragic man and as a parallel to his life. The riddle describes the 3 stages which Oedipus went through in his life. Also in answering the riddle Oedipus inevitable brought about his own tragic ending by a horrible discovery.